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- <text id=93TT0410>
- <title>
- Dec. 02, 1993: III Cheers For The Wasps
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Dec. 02, 1993 Special Issue:The New Face Of America
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SPECIAL ISSUE:THE NEW FACE OF AMERICA
- III Cheers For The Wasps, Page 78
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>When it comes to being American, they wrote the book
- </p>
- <p>By Richard Brookhiser
- </p>
- <p>Richard Brookhiser is the author of The Way of the Wasp.
- </p>
- <p> Three hundred fifty years ago, they sailed here on boats half
- the size of the Staten Island ferry. They burned witches, built
- railroads and wrote the Bill of Rights. They also fought wars--against Indians, George III and (in the Civil War) each other.
- But now their elites are a desiccated remnant, trailing clouds
- of glory only in the Social Register, while the country cousins,
- mostly Southern, have energy without class. From George Washington
- to George Bush, from Henry Adams to Elvis (dead or alive): such
- is the decline of the Wasp.
- </p>
- <p> The word Wasp--white Anglo-Saxon Protestant--conjures a
- thumbnail history such as this, compounded of memories of textbooks
- and shreds of slander. As thumbnail histories go, it is not
- inaccurate, except that it leaves out the Wasp's greatest legacy:
- the American character. Whether we like it or not, all the rest
- of us in becoming American have become more or less Wasps. Americanization
- has historically meant Waspification. It is the gift that keeps
- on giving.
- </p>
- <p> The acronym, popularized in the early 1960s by sociologist E.
- Digby Baltzell, explains who Wasps are and--more important--were. White and Protestant are self-explanatory. Anglo-Saxon,
- a clumsy term, means English, plus English speakers from Northern
- Ireland and the Scottish lowlands. Wasps formed the vast majority
- of the early American population: 200 years ago, nearly all
- Americans were Protestant, and almost two-thirds were of "Anglo-Saxon"
- stock. First to come, first to serve: Wasps gave early America
- its first laws, religions and rhetoric, as well as a characteristic
- mental and personal style.
- </p>
- <p> The Wasp style placed a high value on industry and success and
- a correspondingly low value on anything that was not useful.
- All the nose-to-the-grindstone maxims of Benjamin Franklin found
- eager Wasp readers. Unchallenged by medieval or socialist countermodels,
- the Protestant work ethic flourished here like an animal species
- without predators. Admiration for hard work and the expectation
- that hard workers would have something to show for it became
- the starlings of the American soul.
- </p>
- <p> When Wasps thought of their duties as members of a group, the
- group they thought of was society as a whole. Families, social
- classes and their subunits took a backseat. Being realists,
- Wasps recognized that narrower loyalties existed, and James
- Madison built a constitutional theory on the balancing of "factions."
- But Wasps always viewed particularism with a certain distaste.
- Vendettas and blood feuds were considered the marks of yokels,
- while "special interest" has long been a political term of abuse.
- </p>
- <p> When a Wasp thought of his duty to the moral law, the guide
- he consulted was his own conscience. The conscience was a stern
- interior monitor. "In Adam's fall/ We sinned all," began the
- New England Primer. (They weren't big on self-esteem in the
- 18th century.) Conscience has the added advantage of being portable.
- Many cultures rely on peer pressure to enforce their rules and
- regulations. The Wasp with a conscience could feel guilty all
- by himself. Conscience also reinforced the work ethic: if you
- made good, you--and everyone else--knew that you were good.
- </p>
- <p> These psychic genes shaped the face of American life. The interplay
- of civic-mindedness and conscience has given us whatever we
- have enjoyed of liberty, while success and industry have fattened
- our GNP. On the downside, the worship of usefulness has impoverished
- American art; one takes the bad with the good. Italians invented
- the Renaissance--and live in chaos. We produced the Ashcan
- school--and Abraham Lincoln.
- </p>
- <p> How did Wasp ways keep their hold over American life, even as
- Wasps slipped to minority status? As early as 1858, Lincoln
- noted that "perhaps half our people" were not descendants of
- the founding generation. "If they look back through [American]
- history to trace their connection with those days by blood,
- they find they have none." Their connection to America derived
- instead from a reverence for the principles of the Declaration
- of Independence, which was "the father of all moral principle
- in them," according to Lincoln. This was "the electric cord...that links the hearts of patriotic and liberty-loving
- men together." The Wasp at his best was defined by his acceptance
- of the Declaration and other touchstones--the Constitution,
- certain attitudes toward the work of his hands and the workings
- of his soul--rather than by extended family ties. Being a
- Wasp was a game anyone could play. Over the years, everyone
- has, including descendants of the people Lincoln freed.
- </p>
- <p> The shrinkage of literal Wasps as a factor in the American mosaic
- is as inevitable as the multiplication tables, and a matter
- of little moment. What matters more is the shrinking of their
- values in the American mind. If Americans don't seem particularly
- hardworking or civic-minded these days, that is, at least in
- part, because the ways of the Wasp (now usually labeled "middle-class"
- or "Eurocentric") are such common targets of criticism and abuse.
- Anyone evincing them is apt to be labeled repressed, inauthentic,
- uptight or an "ice person."
- </p>
- <p> The danger is not that a new post-Wasp personality will emerge.
- A nation's character is not so mutable; it takes major upheaval--revolution, conquest--to transform it. What is possible,
- however, is that the character America already possesses will
- slip into chronic malfunction. Most of us will keep behaving
- the way we always have, without knowing why, while the rest
- will act differently, simply for the sake of being different.
- It is a sad end for an ideal--especially for one that has
- been as fruitful as the Wasp's.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-